Tetanus is caused by a wound getting infected by clostridium tetani bacterium. The spores of the bacterium remain in soil, dust for years, they resist against heat, drought, chemical material and sunlight.

Injuries with a suspicion of possible tetanus infection can be

• deep (e.g.: stabs), dirty wounds
  
• open fractures
  
• having been bitten by animals
  
• tattoos, ear piercing
  
• umbilical infection in case of new-born babies
  

About the disease

The bacterium with its strong toxin or poison harms the nervous system and the muscles. Muscle stiffness forms gradually, accompanied by painful muscle contractions and spasm. Therefore, it can also cause breathing problems and circulatory failure which can result in death.

What has to be known on the immunization?

Children receive obligatory vaccinations due at certain ages, adults can receive volunteer vaccinations at an organised basis or occasionally. The primary immunization series consists of 3 doses. Dose 2 has to be given 4-6 weeks after dose 1, and dose 3 6-12 months after dose 2.

Revaccination is recommended in every 10 years after receiving the whole primary vaccination series. Travellers born before 1942 should check the reception of the primary vaccinations.

What kind of side effects may occur when receiving the tetanus vaccination?

• temporary local redness at the place the vaccination has been given, swelling, pain
  
• swelling of the nearby lymph nodes on occasion
  
• general flue-like symptoms
  

As prevention, it is important to clean the wound thoroughly, and remove the dead tissues by surgery, possibly with the help of professionals. When giving first aid, the wound has to be cleaned by clean water, soap or disinfectants.